Bruce A. Kimball and Sarah M. Iler: “Between 2008 and 2018, federal, state, and local per-student appropriations and subsidies declined proportionally across all public four-year institutions, falling from about 69 percent to 57 percent of revenue at public doctoral universities, for example. Tuition and academic fees have risen to cover the shortfall, particularly in the public sector. Since 1980, the burden of paying for the production cost of higher education has shifted from taxpayers to the individual student.” Read the analysis in Inside Higher Education.